NLNZ String Encoding Schemes

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2025/05/14

Table of Contents

Marks of punctuation

Name Symbol
comma ,
exclamation mark !
full stop .
hyphen ‐
question mark ?
quotation mark "

Consider the term ‘specified mark of punctuation’ in the text below to refer only to those given in the table above.

 

Access points for all entities

Work access points

Apply this string encoding scheme when constructing a string as a value for:

Forming the base access point for a work

Use as the base access point the formatted value of:

  • base authorized access point for work; or
  • base variant access point for work

Do not further format the base access point for work

If you have identified no additional elements for inclusion, then the value for Work: authorized access point for work or Work: variant access point for work is complete.

Including additional elements and designations in access points for a work

  • General instructions
  • Musical works which consist solely of one or more types of composition

General instructions

Record a value that includes additions as applicable, in this order:

  1. a value for Agent > authorized access point for agent that is:
    • a creator, or
    • associated with a liturgical non-aggregate static work

      • If the first value is a value for Agent: authorized access point for agent, precede the base access point for work by a full stop space unless the value of Agent: authorized access point for agent ends in a specified mark of punctuation, in which case precede by a space.

     

  2. a value of base access point for work

     

  3. a value for Work: category of work that is the term Series

    4. A value of Work: category of work that is the term Series is always recorded as the first value following the base access point for work and enclosed in a separate set of parentheses. This follows LC-PCC practice.

  4. values of other elements and designations as applicable. The order is not prescriptive:
    • a value for Work: category of work

      • A value for Work: category of work is enclosed in parentheses and preceded by a space.

    • a value of Manifestation: publisher agent

      • A value for Manifestation: publisher agent is enclosed in parentheses and preceded by a space.

    • a value for Work: place of origin of work

      • Record as a value of Place: authorized access point for place.
      Record a value of Place: authorized access point for place that includes both a smaller and a larger place by:

      • removing parentheses enclosing the value of the larger place, and
      • interposing a comma space between the value of the smaller place and the value of the larger place
      Abbreviate the name of a place that is a country or state if applicable according to NLNZ language guidance for RDA. New Zealand primary languages. English. Abbreviations. Place
      A value for Work: place of origin of work is enclosed in parentheses and preceded by a space.

    • a value for Manifestation: place of publication

       

    • a value for a distinguishing characteristic of a work

      • A value for Work: distinguishing characteristic of work is enclosed in parentheses and preceded by a space.

    • a value for Agent: authorized access point for agent who is not a creator and is not associated with a liturgical non-aggregate static work

      • A value for Agent: authorized access point for agent who is not a creator agent and is not associated with a liturgical non-aggregate static work is enclosed in parentheses and preceded by a space.

    • a value for Work: date of work

      • A value for Work: date of work is generally recorded as the final value, if applicable. It is enclosed in parentheses and preceded by a space.

    5.  

    Multiple designations

    Separate the values of elements and designations that are enclosed in parentheses according to the guidance above by a
    space colon space.

    Separate values that represent multiple places of publication by a comma space.

    Separate values of timespan that represent a date range by a hyphen.

    Examples

    Base authorized access point for work: Bulibasha
    Additional element authorized access point for agent: Ihimaera, Witi, 1944‐
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Ihimaera, Witi, 1944‐ Bulibasha

    Base authorized access point for work: Stars burn bright
    Additional element authorized access point for agent (creator): Tomalin, Lynda
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Tomalin, Lynda. Stars burn bright

    Base authorized access point for work: 101 dalmatians
    Additional element category of work: Motion picture
    Additional element date of work: 1996
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    101 dalmatians (Motion picture : 1996)

    Base authorized access point for work: Report of the 2014 academic audit
    Additional element publisher agent (not creator): Victoria University of Wellington
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Report of the 2014 academic audit (Victoria University of Wellington)

    Base authorized access point for work: 101
    Additional element category of work: Series
    Additional element place of publication: Rome, Italy
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    101 (Series) (Rome, Italy)

     

    Musical works which consist solely of one or more types of composition

    Record a value that includes additions as applicable, in this order:

    1. a value for Agent: authorized access point for agent that is:
      • a creator
      If the first value is a value for Agent: authorized access point for agent, precede the base access point for work by a full stop space unless the value of Agent: authorized access point for agent ends in a specified mark of punctuation, in which case precede by a space.

    2. a value of a base access point for work

    3. a value for Work: medium of performance of musical content of representative expression
      A value for Work: medium of performance of musical content of representative expression is preceded by a comma space.
      Record a value that includes in this order, as applicable:
      1. voices
      2. keyboard instrument if there is more than one non-keyboard instrument
      3. the other instruments in conventional score order
      4. continuo
      5. For a work for solo instrument or instruments and accompanying ensemble or ensembles, add the terms for the solo instrument or instruments followed by the term for the accompanying ensemble or ensembles
      Precede each value by a comma space.
      When recording the number of parts or performers, enclose statements of numbers in parentheses preceded by a space.

    4. a value for Work: numeric designation of musical work
      A value for Work: numeric designation of musical work is preceded by a comma space.
      Record a value of Work: numeric designation of musical work that includes a caption by recording a space between the caption or abbreviation and number.

    5. a value for Work: key of representative expression
      A value for Work: key of representative expression is preceded by a comma space.
      Record a value of Work: key of representative expression that includes the terms major or minor by recording a space between the pitch centre and the term.

    Examples

    Base authorized access point for work: Ring round the moon
    Additional element part title: Waltz suite
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Ring round the moon. Waltz suite

    Base authorized access point for work: Symphonies
    Additional element number for a musical part: no. 1
    Additional element opus number: op. 59
    Additional element numeric designation of musical work: no. 2
    Additional element key of representative expression: C major
    Additional element part title: Andante cantabile con moto
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Symphonies, no. 1, op. 21, C major. Andante cantabile con moto

    Base authorized access point for work: Quartets
    Additional element authorized access point for agent (creator): Hill, Alfred, 1869‐1960
    Additional element medium of performance of musical content of representative expression: violins (2)
    Additional element medium of performance of musical content of representative expression: viola
    Additional element medium of performance of musical content of representative expression: cello
    Additional element numeric designation of musical work: no. 1
    Additional element key of representative expression: B♭ major
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Hill, Alfred, 1869‐1960. Quartets, violins (2), viola, cello, no. 1, B♭ major

     

    Expression access points

    Apply this string encoding scheme when constructing a string as a value for:

     

    Forming the base access point for expression

    A value of Work: authorized access point for work forms the base access point.

    If you have identified no additional elements for inclusion then the value for Expression: authorized access point for expression or Expression: variant access point for expression is complete.

    Including additional elements and designations in access points for an expression

    • General instructions
    • Musical expressions

    General instructions

    Record a value that includes additions as applicable, in this order:

    1. the value of base access point for expression

    2. a value of Expression: language of expression

      3. A value of Expression: language of expression always follows the base access point for expression. Precede the value of Expression: language of expression by a full stop space, unless the base access point ends in a specified mark of punctuation, in which case precede by a space.

    3. values of other elements and designations as applicable. The order is not prescriptive:
      • a value of Expression: content type

        • A value for Expression: content type is preceded by a full stop space, unless another specified mark of punctuation is present, in which case a value for Expression: content type is preceded by a space.

      • a value of another distinguishing characteristic

        • A value for other distinguishing characteristic is enclosed in parentheses, separately from other values, and preceded by a space.

      • a value of Expression: designation of version

        • A value for Expression: designation of version is preceded by a full stop space, unless another specified mark of punctuation is present, in which case a value for Expression: designation of version is preceded by a space.

      • a value of Expression: date of expression

        • A value for Expression: date of expression is preceded by a full stop space, unless another specified mark of punctuation is present, in which case a value for Expression: date of expression is preceded by a space.


    Examples

    Base authorized access point for expression: Kahukiwa, Robyn. I te timatanga
    Additional element language of expression: Māori
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Kahukiwa, Robyn. I te timatanga. Māori

    Base authorized access point for expression: Ellis, Gavin. If not journalists, then who?
    Additional element language of expression: English
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Ellis, Gavin. If not journalists, then who? English

    Base authorized access point for expression: Bible. Apocrypha
    Additional element language of expression: English
    Additional element designation of version: Authorized
    Additional element date of expression: 2013
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Bible. Apocrypha. English. Authorized. 2013

     

    Musical expressions

    Record a value that includes additions as applicable, in this order:

    1. the value of base access point for expression

    2. a value for Expression: designation of version
      A value for Expression: designation of version is preceded by a full stop space, except for:
      • the value arranged, which is preceded by a semicolon space
      • the value Sketches, which is enclosed in parentheses and preceded by a space

    3. a value for Expression: language of expression
      A value of Expression: language of expression for the translation expressed is preceded by a full stop space.

    4. values of other elements and designations as applicable – see General instructions

    Examples

    Base authorized access point for expression: Nabokov, Nicolas, 1903‐1978. Love's labour's lost
    Additional element language of expression: German
    Additional element designation of version: Vocal score
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Nabokov, Nicolas, 1903‐1978. Love's labour's lost. Vocal score. German

    Base authorized access point for expression: Handel, George Frideric, 1685‐1759. Rodelinda. Dove sei? amato bene!
    Additional element language of expression: English
    Additional element designation of version: arranged
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Handel, George Frideric, 1685‐1759. Rodelinda. Dove sei? amato bene!; arranged. English

    Base authorized access point for expression: Hill, Alfred, 1869‐1960. Quartets, violins (2), viola, cello, no. 9, A minor
    Additional element designation of version: arranged
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Hill, Alfred, 1869‐1960. Quartets, violins (2), viola, cello, no. 9, A minor; arranged

     

    Person access points

    Apply this string encoding scheme when constructing a string as a value for:

     

    Forming a base access point for person

    When recording values that have rotated one or more words, phrases or other components of a name to the front, followed by some or all of the remainder of the name:
    Precede the remainder of the name by comma space.

    Examples

    • Mahy, Margaret
    • Te Kanawa, Kiri

    This completes the base access point for person.

    If you have identified no additional elements for inclusion then the value for Person: authorized access point for person or Person: variant access point for person is complete.

    Including additional elements and designations in access points for a person

    Record a value that includes additions, as applicable, in this order:

    1. the base access point for person

    2. a value of Person: fuller form of name

      3. A value of Person: fuller form of name is enclosed in parentheses. This value always follows the base access point and is preceded by a space.

    3. a value of Person: profession or occupation

      4. A value of Person: profession or occupation is enclosed in parentheses. This value follows a value of Person: fuller form of name where present and is preceded by a space.

    4. a value of Person: term of rank or honour or office (including Pope, Antipope, religious vocation titles, Saint)

      5. A value of Person: term of rank, honour or office is preceded by a comma and follows a value of Person: fuller form of name where present and before a value of Person: profession or occupation.

    5. a term associated with a person named in a sacred scripture or apocryphal book

    6. an appropriate designation (only where no other available to break the conflict)

      7. An appropriate designation other than those covered here is enclosed in parentheses. Follow with a comma if the next value is a date and precede by a space.

    7. a value of Person: date of birth

      8. A value of Person: date of birth is preceded by a comma space and followed by a hyphen. This will be the last element in the access point unless followed by a value of Person: date of death or the term Spirit.

    8. a value of Person: date of death

      9. A value of Person: date of death is preceded by a hyphen. This will be the last element in the access point unless followed by the term Spirit.

    9. a value of Person: period of activity of person

      10. A value of Person: period of activity of person is preceded by a comma. This will be the last element in the access point unless followed by the term Spirit.

    10. the term Spirit

      11. The term Spirit is enclosed in parentheses. This will always be the last element in the access point, if applicable, and is preceded by a space.


    Examples

    Base authorized access point for person: Finlay Tate
    not inverted because this is first and middle name being used, surname omitted in common usage
    no additions required
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Finlay Tate

    Base authorized access point for person: Diamond Field
    Additional element profession or occupation: Musician
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Diamond Field (Musician)

    Base authorized access point for person: Wheeler, Pete
    Additional element date of birth: 1978
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Wheeler, Pete, 1978‐

    Base authorized access point for person: Donne, T. E.
    Additional element date of birth: 1859
    Additional element date of death: 1945
    Additional element fuller form of name: Thomas Edward
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Donne, T. E. (Thomas Edward), 1859‐1945

    Base authorized access point for person: Luke
    Additional element term of rank or honour or office: Saint
    Additional element the term spirit: Spirit
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Luke, Saint (Spirit)

     

    Corporate Body access points

    Apply this string encoding scheme when constructing a string as a value for:

     

    Forming the base access point for a corporate body

    Initials

    Record using the following spacing conventions:

    • one space after an initial that is followed by a word or element that is not an initial
    • no space between an initial and another following initial consisting of one letter

    Abbreviations

    Precede and follow abbreviations consisting of two or more letters with a space.

    Placename at end

    If the form of name in the access point includes a placename at the end and the place is enclosed within parentheses or is preceded by a comma space, retain in the access point the punctuation as found.

    Rotated name

    When recording a value that rotates one or more words, phrases, or other components of a name to the front, followed by some or all of the remainder of the name, precede the rotated part by a comma followed by a space.

    Examples

    • General
      • National Library of New Zealand
    • Initials
      • Base authorized access point: F & H Denby [Source: F&H Denby]
      • Base authorized access point: U.S.D.A. Symposium [Source: U. S. D. A. Symposium]
      • Base authorized access point: IEEE [Source: I E E E]
    • Abbreviations
      • Base authorized access point: Ph. D. Associates [Source: Ph.D. Associates]
    • Place name at end
      • Base authorized access point: University College, London [Source: University College, London]
    • Rotated name
      • Base authorized access point: Australia. Department of the Environment and Water Resources [Source: Department of the Environment and Water Resources]
      • Base variant access point: Australia. Environment and Water Resources, Department of the

    This completes the base access point for corporate body.

    If you have identified no additional elements for inclusion, then the value for Corporate Body: authorized access point for corporate body or Corporate Body: variant access point for corporate body is complete.

    Including additional elements and designations in access points for a corporate body

    All additional elements and designations follow the base access point of corporate body in parentheses preceded by a space.

    Record a value that includes additions as applicable, in this order:

    1. the value of base access point for corporate body (in practice this will be either base authorized access point for corporate body or base variant access point for corporate body)

    2. a value of Corporate Body: category of corporate body

      3. A value of Corporate Body: category of corporate body follows the base access point of corporate body by parentheses preceded by a space.

    3. a value of Place: authorized access point for place

      4. A value of Corporate Body: authorized access point for place follows the base access point of corporate body by parentheses preceded by a space.

    4. a value of Corporate Body: preferred name of corporate body of an associated institution

      5. A value of Corporate Body: preferred name of corporate body follows the base access point of corporate body by parentheses preceded by a space.

    5. a value of Corporate Body: category of government

      6. A value of Corporate Body: category of government follows the base access point of corporate body by parentheses preceded by a space.

    6. a value of an appropriate designation of corporate body

    7. a value of Timespan: access point for timespan
      • Follow a value of Timespan: access point for timespan that represents an earlier timespan with a hyphen
      • Precede a value of Timespan: access point for timespan that represents a later timespan with a hyphen

     

    Multiple designations

    Follow the base access point of corporate body in parentheses and separated by a space colon space.

    Examples

    Base authorized access point for corporate body: Essex
    Additional element category of corporate body: Ironclad steamer
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Essex (Ironclad steamer)

    Base authorized access point for corporate body: TLC
    Additional element category of corporate body: Firm
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    TLC (Firm)

    Base authorized access point for corporate body: Capital Football
    Additional element category of corporate body: Organisation
    Additional element access point for place: Wellington, N.Z.
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Capital Football (Organisation : Wellington, N.Z.)

    Base authorized access point for corporate body: Antarctic Research Centre
    Additional element preferred name of corporate body of associated institution: Victoria University of Wellington
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Antarctic Research Centre (Victoria University of Wellington)

    Base authorized access point for corporate body: Auckland
    Additional element access point for place: N.Z.
    Additional element category of government: Province
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Auckland (N.Z. : Province)

    Base authorized access point for corporate body: Elizabeth
    Additional element category of corporate body: Schooner
    Additional element access point for timespan: 1846-1855
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Elizabeth (Schooner : 1846‐1855)

     

    Individual instances of conferences and exhibitions

    All additional elements and designations follow the base access point of corporate body in parentheses preceded by a space.

    Record a value that includes additions as applicable, in this order:

    1. the base access point for corporate body

    2. a value of Corporate body: category of corporate body

    3. a value of Corporate Body: number of conference

    4. a value of Corporate Body: date of conference

      5. Use a hyphen to separate values for Corporate body: date of conference which include a date range.

    5. a value of Corporate Body: place of conference

      6. Values for Corporate body: place of conference which include multiple placenames should separate places using comma space.
      Separate multiple values for Corporate body: place of conference using a semicolon followed by a space.


    Multiple designations
    Follow the base access point for corporate body in parentheses and separated by a space colon space.

    If recording a value of Corporate body: category of corporate body, this should be the first value enclosed in a separate set of parentheses.

    Separate multiple values for Corporate body: place of conference using a semicolon followed by a space.

    Examples

    Base authorized access point for corporate body: Olympic Winter Games
    Additional element number of conference: 21st
    Additional element date of conference: 2010
    Additional element place of conference: Vancouver, B.C.
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Olympic Winter Games (21st : 2010 : Vancouver, B.C.)

    Base authorized access point for corporate body: Tour de France (Bicycle race)
    Additional element date of conference: 1970
    Additional element place of conference: France
    Additional element place of conference: Belgium
    Additional element place of conference: Germany
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Tour de France (Bicycle race) (1970 : France; Belgium; Germany)

     

    Government officials that are heads of state, heads of government, etc.

    Record a value that includes additions as applicable, in this order:

    1. a value of Corporate Body: access point for corporate body for a jurisdiction

    2. a value of Corporate Body: name of corporate body for the office held

    3. a value of Timespan: access point for timespan representing the time period for which the office was held

      4. Values of Timespan: access point for timespan and appropriate designation of corporate body follow the name of corporate body in parentheses, separated by a space colon space.

      Follow a value of Timespan: access point for timespan that represents a starting date with hyphen.

      Precede a value of Timespan: access point for timespan that represents an ending date with hyphen.

    4. a value of an appropriate designation of corporate body that is the person's surname

     

    Precede a value of Corporate body: name of corporate body by a full stop space.

    Examples

    Value of access point for corporate body for a jurisdiction: Indonesia
    Additional element name of corporate body for the office held: President
    Additional element access point for timespan for which office was held: 1949‐1967
    Additional element appropriate designation that is the person's surname: Soekarno
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Indonesia. President (1949‐1967 : Soekarno)

    Value of access point for corporate body for a jurisdiction: New Zealand
    Additional element name of corporate body for the office held: Prime Minister
    Additional element access point for timespan for which office was held: 2023‐
    Additional element appropriate designation that is the person's surname: Luxon
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    New Zealand. Prime Minister (2023‐ : Luxon)

     

    Access points that include higher or related bodies

    A name of a corporate body may be recorded subordinately to an authorized access point for a higher or related body. This may represent the immediate superior body, or a higher body in the hierarchy, as applicable, to identify the corporate body.

    Record a value of base access point that includes as applicable, in this order:

    1. the authorized access point for the higher or related corporate body

    2. a value of Corporate Body: name of corporate body that represents the subordinate or related body. Omit from the name of the subordinate body the name (or abbreviation of the name) of the higher or related body unless the omission would result in a name that does not make sense.

     

    Precede a subordinate or related body by a full stop space.

    Examples

    Base authorized access point for higher or related body: National Library of New Zealand
    Additional element name of corporate body for subordinate or related body: Services to Schools
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    National Library of New Zealand. Services to Schools

    Base authorized access point for higher or related body: Auckland (N.Z. : Region)
    Additional element name of corporate body for subordinate or related body: Regional Council
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Auckland (N.Z. : Region). Regional Council

    Base authorized access point for higher or related body: Bay of Plenty (N.Z. : Region)
    Additional element name of corporate body for subordinate or related body: Coast Care
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Bay of Plenty (N.Z. : Region). Coast Care
    source: Coast Care BOP

     

    Family access points

    Apply this string encoding scheme when constructing a string as a value for:

     

    Forming the base access point for family

    No additional formatting is required to adjust the base access point for family.

    If you have identified no additional elements for inclusion then the value for Family: authorized access point for family or Family: variant access point for family is complete.

    Including additional elements and designations in access points for a family

    Additions to the base access point are contained in a single set of parentheses. Values within parentheses are separated by space colon space.

    Record a value that includes additions as applicable, in this order:

    1. the base access point for family

    2. a value of Family: category of family

    3. a value of Family: related timespan of family

      4. Values for Family: related timespan of family which include a beginning date should be followed by a hyphen. Ending dates should be preceded by a hyphen.

    4. a value of Family: related place of family

      5. Values for Family: related place of family which include multiple placenames should separate places using comma space.
      Record a value of Place: authorized access point for place that includes both a smaller and a larger place by:

      • removing parentheses enclosing the value of the larger place, and
      • interposing a comma space between the value of the smaller place and the value of the larger place
      Abbreviate the name of a place that is a country or state if applicable according to NLNZ language guidance for RDA. New Zealand primary languages. English. Abbreviations. Place

    5. a value of Family: prominent member of family

    Examples

    Base access point for family: Branson
    Additional element category of family: Family
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Branson (Family)

    Base access point for family: Donald
    Additional element category of family: Clan
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Donald (Clan)

    Base access point for family: Coniglio
    Additional element category of family: Family
    Additional element related timespan of family: 1912‐
    Additional element prominent member of family: Coniglio, Gaetano, 1889‐1944
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Coniglio (Family : 1912- : Coniglio, Gaetano, 1889‐1944)

     

    Place access points

    Apply this string encoding scheme when constructing a string as a value for:

     

    Forming the base access point for place

    No additional formatting is required to adjust the base access point for place.

    If you have identified no additional elements for inclusion then the value for Place: authorized access point for place or Place: variant access point for place is complete.

    Including additional elements and designations in access points for a place

    Record a value that includes additions as applicable, in this order:

    1. the base access point for place

    2. a value of Place: access point for place

    Record additional elements and designations in parentheses.

    Record as part of a name of place the name of the larger place in which it is located following the name of place.

    Record the category of government when required (e.g. state, province, etc.) following the larger place or jurisdiction separated by space colon space.

    For places within cities, add the city name following the name of place.

    Additional designations which include multiple placenames should separate places using comma space.

    Examples

    Base access point for place: Hamilton
    Additional element access point for place: N.Z.
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Hamilton (N.Z.)

    Base access point for place: Ōtara
    Additional element access point for place: Auckland, N.Z.
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Ōtara (Auckland, N.Z.)

    Base access point for place: Bay of Plenty
    Additional element access point for place: N.Z.
    Additional element category of government: Region
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Bay of Plenty (N.Z. : Region)

    Work elements

     

    Work > dissertation or thesis information

    Record a value that includes, in this order, as ascertainable:

    1. a value of Work: academic degree

    2. a value of Work: degree granting institution

    3. a value of Work: year degree granted

    No additional punctuation required between values.

    Example

    Value of academic degree: Ph.D.
    Value of degree granting institution: University of Otago
    Value of year degree granted: 1997
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Ph.D. University of Otago 1997

     

    Expression elements

     

    Expression > duration

    Moving images; Sound recordings
    Enclose a value of Expression: duration in parentheses and precede with a space

    Example
    (32:00)

     

    Expression > medium of performance of musical content

     

    All scores except instrumental hire sets

    Generally record a value in conventional score order because we think this is more intuitive for users.

    However, if an AAP for a combination of instruments shows another order (suggesting a different score order for particular groups of instruments e.g. wind quintet) then follow this order instead.

    Example
    Score for a wind quintet:
    flute 1 oboe 1 clarinet 1 horn 1 bassoon 1 5

    Value is given in order used in various LC name/title authorised access points, whereas bassoon is listed before horn in conventional score order.

    Record a value that includes in this order, as applicable:

    1. A value for each instrument/voice/ensemble. Record a value for a soloist before an accompanying ensemble. Precede second and subsequent values with a space.

    2. A value for number of parts or performers for each instrument or voice following the instrument or voice. Precede with a space.

    3. A value for number of hands for each instrument following the instrument. Precede with a space.

    4. A value for number of ensembles following the ensemble. Precede with a space.

    5. A value for total number of parts or performers. Precede with a space.

    6. A value for total number of ensembles. Precede with a space.

    Include an unstructured value, if applicable, following the relevant structured value. Precede with a space.

    Example
    soprano voice 1 mixed chorus SATB with occasional divisi 1 piano 1 2 1

    Alternative medium of performance
    Record an alternative medium of performance term following the relevant term.

    Example
    chorus mostly 2 part 1 unison chorus congregation 1 piano 1 organ 1 1 2
    Accompaniment for piano or organ

    If there is an additional value showing alternative medium of performance, record a value that includes in this order:

    1. The introductory text ‘Alternative instrumentation’

    2. A value for Expression: medium of performance of musical content following the order listed above.

    Precede a value of Expression: medium of performance of musical content with colon space

    Example
    soprano recorder 1 1
    Alternative instrumentation: speaker 1 soprano recorder 1 2

    Instrumental hire sets

    Record a value that includes, in this order:

    1. The introductory text 'Orchestration' or ‘Instrumentation’

    2. A value of Expression: medium of performance of musical content

    Precede a value of Expression: medium of performance of musical content with colon space

    Example
    Orchestration: 3(1).2+1.2+1.2+1/6.3.3.1/timp.perc/hp/str

     

    Manifestation elements

     

    Manifestation > date of production | date of publication

    Serial works

    In the context of this string encoding scheme the date may be:
    known (appears as a date of publication on the resource);
    supplied (from the resource itself or from another resource, including approximate dates);
    or unknown (includes dates that cannot be narrowed down to within one of two years)

    Known dates are never included in square brackets
    Supplied dates are included in square brackets with some exceptions
    Do not include a space before or after a hyphen
    Use year precision when recording known or supplied publication dates


    Start and end date the same
    Record the date once only. If both the start date and end date are supplied, record the date in square brackets and do not include other punctuation. Otherwise record the date without square brackets and follow with a full stop.

    Examples
    Start date [2020], end date [2020]
    Record as [2020]

    Start date [2000], end date 2000
    Record as 2000.

    Start date 1924, end date [1924].
    Record as 1924.

    Start date only
    Record the start date followed by a hyphen. Do not record any other punctuation.

    Examples
    1999‐
    [1956 or 1957?]‐

    End date only
    Precede the end date with a hyphen. Follow a known end date with a full stop but do not follow a supplied end date with a full stop.

    Examples
    ‐2012.
    ‐[1873]

    Start date and end date
    Record start date followed by hyphen followed by end date. End with a full stop if the end date is known. If both start date and end date are supplied then use one set of square brackets around the entire string rather than square brackets separately around the start date and around the end date.

    Examples
    Start date 2010, end date 2021
    Record as 2010‐2021.

    Start date [1953], end date 1960
    Record as [1953]‐1960.

    Start date 1998, end date [1999 or 2000]
    Record as 1998‐[1999 or 2000]

    Start date [1987], end date [1996]
    Record as [1987‐1996]

    Start date [1901?], end date [1912 or 1913?]
    Record as [1901?‐1912 or 1913?]

     

    Manifestation > dimensions

    Single unit manifestations that are volumes

    Record a value that includes in this order, as applicable:

    1. A value for the height of the unit.

    2. A value for the width of the unit.
      A value for the width of the unit is preceded by a space lower case x space.

    3. A metric dimension symbol.
      A metric dimension symbol is preceded by a space.

    Examples

    Value of height of the unit: 36
    Metric dimension symbol: cm
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    36 cm

    Value of height of the unit: 68
    Metric dimension symbol: mm
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    68 mm

    Value of height of the unit: 20
    Value of width of the unit: 44
    Metric dimension symbol: cm
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    20 x 44 cm

    Multiple unit manifestations - Units in two sizes

    Record a value that includes in this order, as applicable:

    1. A value for the height of the smaller unit.

    2. A value for the width of the smaller unit.
      A value for the width of the smaller unit is preceded by a lower case x space.

    3. A value for the depth of the smaller unit.
      A value for the depth of the smaller unit is preceded by a lower case x space.

    4. A metric dimension symbol.
      A metric dimension symbol is only recorded if a value of the width and/or depth of the smaller manifestation is recorded.

    5. A value for the height of the larger unit.
      A value for the height of the larger unit within a multiple unit manifestation is preceded by a hyphen.

    6. A value for the width of the larger unit.
      A value for the width of the larger unit is preceded by a lower case x space.

    7. A value for the depth of the larger unit.
      A value for the depth of the larger unit is preceded by a lower case x space.

    8. A metric dimension symbol.

    Examples

    Value of height of the smaller unit: 21
    Value of height of the larger unit: 42
    Metric dimension symbol: cm
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    21‐42 cm

    Value of height of the units: 21
    Value of width of the smaller unit: 30
    Metric dimension symbol: cm
    Value of width of the larger unit: 40
    Metric dimension symbol: cm
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    21 x 30 cm‐40 cm

    Multiple unit manifestations - Notated music

    Record a value that includes in this order, the following terms as applicable:

    score
    condensed score
    study score
    piano conductor part
    violin conductor part
    vocal score
    piano score
    chorus score
    part
    choir book
    table book

    Multiple unit manifestations (serial work) - Units in two or more sizes, including where there is a mix of both landscape and portrait orientations

    Record a value that includes in this order, as applicable:

    1. A value for the height of the smaller unit.

    2. A value for the height of the larger unit.

    3. A value for the height of the larger unit within a multiple unit manifestation is preceded by a hyphen.

    4. A metric dimension symbol.

    Example
    21‐42 cm

    Multiple unit manifestations - Units in three or more sizes

    Record a value that includes in this order, as applicable:

    1. A value for the height of the largest unit.

    2. A value for the width of the largest unit.
      A value for the width of the unit is preceded by a lower case x space.

    3. A value for the depth of the largest unit.
      A value for the depth of the unit is preceded by a lower case x space.

    4. A metric dimension symbol.
      A metric dimension symbol is preceded by a space.

    5. The words: or smaller.

    Examples

    Value of height of the largest unit: 30
    Metric dimension symbol: cm
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    30 cm or smaller

    Value of height of the largest unit: 6
    Value of width of the largest unit: 25
    Value of depth of the largest unit: 10
    Metric dimension symbol: cm
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    6 x 25 x 10 cm or smaller

    Manifestations issued in containers

    Record a value that includes in this order, as applicable:

    1. A statement describing the units associated with the manifestation.

    2. A value for the height of the container.
      A value for the height of the unit is preceded by a name for the container and the word in.

    3. A value for the width of the container.
      A value for the width of the container is preceded by a lower case x space.

    4. A value for the depth of the container.
      A value for the depth of the container is preceded by a lower case x space.

    5. A metric dimension symbol.
      A metric dimension symbol is preceded by a space.

    Example

    Statement describing units associated with the manifestation: 13 x 9 cm
    Statement describing units associated with the manifestation: 13 cm
    Statement describing units associated with the manifestation: in a clamshell box
    Value of height of the container: 14
    Value of width of the container: 11
    Value of depth of the container: 5
    Metric dimension symbol: cm
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    13 x 9 cm, 13 cm in a clamshell box 14 x 11 x 5 cm

     

    Manifestation > edition statement

    Values including a value of Manifestation: designation of edition

    Record a value that includes, in this order:

    1. a value of Manifestation: designation of edition

    2. a value of Manifestation: statement of responsibility relating to edition

    Precede a value of Manifestation: statement of responsibility relating to edition with space forward slash.

     

    Values including a value of Manifestation: designation of a named revision of edition

    Record a value that includes, in this order:

    1. a value of Manifestation: designation of named revision of edition

    2. a value of Manifestation: statement of responsibility relating to named revision of edition

    Precede a value of Manifestation: statement of responsibility relating to named revision of edition with space forward slash.

     

    Manifestation > extent of manifestation

    Record a value that includes in this order, as applicable:

    1. number of units

    2. selected term for unit counted

    3. number of subunits*

    4. selected term for subunit counted*

    *Note that there are situations where the term and number of subunits are presented in reverse order, but this is an exception only to be applied when clearly instructed.

    Values can consist of multiple units or subunits. Values can also consist of statements of units, statements of subunits, or statements of units and subunits together.

    Numbering of units and subunits may include extra wording such as approximately, as specified when determining the value.

    Separate numbers of units for the same unit using comma space.

    Separate statements of units using comma space.

    Separate numbers of subunits for the same subunit using comma space.

    Separate statements of subunits using comma space.

    When recording subunits within a unit, enclose statements of subunits in parentheses.

    Unit and/or subunit statements can be nested beneath another unit statement. Enclose nested statements in parentheses.

    When recording statements of subunits relating to specific units within a multiple unit manifestation, separate the statements with a semicolon space.

    For incomplete single unit manifestations, record the term incomplete in parentheses after all other values.

    For incomplete multiple unit manifestations, record the interim number of units in angled brackets. Remove these when the resource is no longer incomplete.

    Examples

    Examples are sorted into categories:

     

    Subunits omitted:

    Number of units: approximately 3
    Term for unit: microfiches
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    3 microfiches

    Number of units: approximately 1,000
    Term for unit: photographs
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    approximately 1,000 photographs

    Number of units: 1
    Term for unit: volume (looseleaf)
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    1 volume (looseleaf)
    note that the parentheses here enclose a type of volume rather than a subunit or nested unit

    Number of units: <2>
    Term for unit: volumes
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    <2> volumes
    incomplete multiple unit manifestation

     

    Units omitted:

    Number of subunits: 28
    Term for subunit: pages
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    28 pages

    Number of subunits: xii
    Number of subunits: 24
    Term for subunit: pages
    Number of subunits: 212
    Term for subunit: leaves of plates
    Number of subunits: 43
    Term for subunit: unnumbered leaves of plates
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    xii, 24 pages, 212 leaves of plates, 43 unnumbered leaves of plates

    Number of subunits: xii
    Term for subunit: pages
    Number of subunits: 1
    Term for subunit: unnumbered page
    Number of subunits: 14‐176
    Term for subunit: pages
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    xii pages, 1 unnumbered page, 14‐176 pages
    early printed resource

    Number of subunits: 329, that is, 392
    Term for subunit: pages
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    392, that is, 392 pages
    misleading numbering

    Number of subunits: 256
    Term for subunit: leaves in various foliations
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    256 leaves in various foliations
    complicated or irregular paging, etc.

     

    Units omitted, with subunit and numbering reversed:

    Term for subunit: leaves
    Number of subunits: 81‐149
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    leaves 81‐149

    Term for subunit: pages
    Number of subunits: 713‐797
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    pages 713‐797

     

    Unit and subunit:

    Number of units: 1
    Term for unit: flipchart
    Number of subunits: 8
    Term for subunit: sheets
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    1 flipchart (8 sheets)

    Number of units: 1
    Term for unit: vocal score
    Number of subunits: x
    Number of subunits: 190
    Term for subunit: pages
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    1 vocal score (x, 190 pages)

    Number of units: 1
    Term for unit: object
    Term for subunit: various pieces
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    1 object (various pieces)

    Number of units: 1
    Term for unit: score
    Number of subunits: 24
    Term for subunit: pages
    Term for unit: parts: parts
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    1 score (24 pages) + parts
    score separated from parts

    Number of units: 1
    Term for unit: score
    Number of subunits: 24
    Term for subunit: pages
    Term for unit: parts: parts
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    1 score (48 pages) and parts
    score and parts housed in a single unit

     

    Nested statements:

    Number of units: 3
    Term for unit: microfiches
    Number of units: 1
    Term for unit: score
    Number of subunits: 118
    Term for subunit: pages
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    3 microfiches (1 score (118 pages))

    Number of units: 1
    Term for unit: condensed score
    Number of units: 2
    Term for subunit: volumes
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    1 condensed score (2 volumes)

    Number of units: 1
    Term for unit: microfilm reel
    Number of subunits: 255
    Term for subunit: pages
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    1 microfilm reel (255 pages)
    This example only has subunit in parentheses because Extent of manifestation of text omits the unit 'volume' ‐ 'pages' is not an appropriate subunit for the unit 'microfilm reel' so this is still an example of a nested statement. Do not use: 1 microfilm reel (1 volume (255 pages))

    Statements of subunits relating to specific units within a multiple unit manifestation:

    Number of units: 2
    Term for unit: volumes
    Number of subunits: ix
    Number of subunits: 341
    Number of subunits: xv
    Number of subunits: 660
    Term for subunit: pages
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    2 volumes (ix, 341; xv, 660 pages)

     

    Manifestation > note on manifestation

    Expression: duration
    Aggregate manifestations
    Enclose the total duration of an aggregate manifestation in parentheses and precede with a space

    Example

    Duration of a music CD:
    (66:22)

     

    Manifestation > numbering of sequence

    First part/iteration of sequence

    Record a value that includes, in this order:

    1. The introductory text 'Began with'

    2. A value of Manifestation: first alphanumeric designation of sequence

    3. A value of Manifestation: first chronological designation of sequence

    4. A value of Manifestation: first alphanumeric designation of alternative sequence

    5. A value of Manifestation: first chronological designation of alternative sequence

    Separate the introductory text from the first value with colon space

    Where values of both Manifestation: first alphanumeric designation of sequence and Manifestation: first chronological designation of sequence are present, enclose the value of Manifestation: first chronological designation of sequence in parentheses and precede with a space

    Precede a value of Manifestation: first alphanumeric designation of alternative sequence with space equals sign space

    Where values of both Manifestation: first alphanumeric designation of alternative sequence and Manifestation: first chronological designation of alternative sequence are present, enclose a value of Manifestation: first chronological designation of alternative sequence in parentheses and precede with a space

    Where the first part/iteration of sequence is uncertain, follow the final value with a question mark. In all other cases follow the final value with a full stop, unless another specified mark of punctuation is present, or if followed by a value for the last part/iteration of sequence.

    Examples:
    Began with: volume 1 (September 2022)
    Began with: [summer 2023/2024]
    Began with: no 1/2024.
    Began with: volume 1, number 1 (March 2019)
    Began with: vol 3 no 5 (March 1992) = number 29 (autumn 1992)
    Began with: [winter 2019]?
    Began with: September 1995?

    Last part/iteration of sequence

    Record a value that includes, in this order:

    1. The introductory text ‘ceased with’

    2. A value of Manifestation: last alphanumeric designation of sequence

    3. A value of Manifestation: last chronological designation of sequence

    4. A value of Manifestation: last alphanumeric designation of alternative sequence

    5. A value of Manifestation: last chronological designation of alternative sequence

    If the value follows one for the first part/iteration of sequence, precede with a semicolon space

    Capitalise the first word of the introductory text, unless it is preceded by a value for the first part/iteration of sequence

    Separate the introductory text from the first value with colon space

    Where values of both Manifestation: last alphanumeric designation of sequence and Manifestation: last chronological designation of sequence are present, enclose the value of Manifestation: last chronological designation of sequence in parentheses and precede with a space

    Precede a value of Manifestation: last alphanumeric designation of alternative sequence with space equals sign space

    Where values of both Manifestation: last alphanumeric designation of alternative sequence and Manifestation: last chronological designation of alternative sequence are present, enclose a value of Manifestation: last chronological designation of alternative sequence in parentheses and precede with a space

    Where the last part/iteration of sequence is uncertain, follow the final value with a question mark. In all other cases follow the final value with a full stop, unless another specified mark of punctuation is present

    Examples:
    Ceased with: summer 1971.
    Ceased with: volume 1, issue 8 (June/July 2014)
    Began with: volume 1 (September 2022); ceased with: volume 9 (May 2023)
    Began with: [1/1988]; ceased with: May 1995.
    Began with: vol 3 no 5 (March 1992) = number 29 (autumn 1992); ceased with: vol 3 no 7 (September 1992) = number 31 (spring 1992)
    Began with: vol 1 no 1 (March 87); ceased with: [vol 7 no 3 (August 1993)]?
    Began with: winter 2019; ceased with: summer 2022?

    Only one part/iteration is published
    Where only one part/iteration is ever published, follow the SES for First part/iteration of sequence, but instead use the introductory text ‘Began and ceased with’

    Values in parallel languages or scripts

    Where a value appears in more than one language or script, precede each subsequent value with a space plus symbol space.

    Examples:
    Ceased with: 82 (April/May 2004 + Paenga‐whāwhā/Haratua 2004)
    Began with: Hōngongoi 2022 + July 2022.
    Began with: volume 1, number 1 (March 2019) + pukapuka 1, nama 1 (Poutū-te-rangi 2019).

     

    Manifestation > other title information

    Record a value that includes all values of Manifestation: other title information.

    Precede second and subsequent values of Manifestation: other title information with space colon space.

    Example

    Value of other title information: libraries, archives and museums
    Value of other title information: hei puna whakamōhio mō Aotearoa
    Value of other title information: whare pukapuka
    Value of other title information: pūranga kōrero, whare taonga
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    libraries, archives and museums : hei puna whakamōhio mō Aotearoa : whare pukapuka : pūranga kōrero, whare taonga

     

    Manifestation > statement of responsibility relating to title proper

    Record a value that includes all values of Manifestation: statement of responsibility relating to title proper.

    Precede second and subsequent values of Manifestation: statement of responsibility relating to title proper for agents with the same role with comma space.

    Precede second and subsequent values of Manifestation: statement of responsibility relating to title proper for agents with different roles with space semicolon space.

    Precede second and subsequent values of Manifestation: statement of responsibility relating to title proper relating to the same agent that appear in more than one language with comma space.

    Examples

    Value of statement of responsibility relating to title proper: the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
    Value of statement of responsibility relating to title proper: Te Hāhi Tūhauwiri
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), Te Hāhi Tūhauwiri

    Value of statement of responsibility relating to title proper: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
    Value of statement of responsibility relating to title proper: edited by H.C. Robbins Landon
    Value of statement of responsibility relating to title proper: herausgegeben von H.C. Robins Landon
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ; edited by H.C. Robbins Landon, herausgegeben von H.C. Robbins Landon

     

    Manifestation > title of manifestation

    Titles of aggregates

    Single source of information: Record the values in the order based on the sequence, layout, or typography of the titles on the source of information.

    Separate sources of information: choose the order of the values according to the following guidelines:

    • in the order they appear throughout the manifestation.
    • if the resource is formatted as tête-bêche then choose the value to record first based on how the resource presents itself. For example, the resource may have a colophon, a barcode or ISBN associated with one source of information but not the other, in which case record that value first.

    If none of the above apply, it does not matter which value is recorded first.

    Precede second and subsequent values of Expression: title of expression with space plus symbol space.

    Examples

    Value of title of expression: I te timatanga
    Value of title of expression: In the beginning
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    I te timatanga + In the beginning

    Value of title of expression: Des jumeaux pour Jenny
    Value of title of expression: Une inexplicable attirance
    Value of title of expression: Un médecin trop séduisant
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Des jumeaux pour Jenny + Une inexplicable attirance + Un médecin trop séduisant

    Titles of manifestations of units or iterations
    Record a value that reflects the presentation of values on the source of information.

    Multiple values of common title may be included.

    Multiple values of unit title may be included.

    After the first, precede values of common title using full stop space.

    Precede values of unit title using full stop space unless the preceding value is a unit title that represents a statement of numbering indicating position within the manifestation of a larger work, in which case separate using comma space.

    Examples

    Value of common title: Attendance: getting back to school
    Value of unit title: Guide for primary school teachers
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Attendance: getting back to school. Guide for primary school teachers

    Value of common title: Plumbing and drainage
    Value of unit title (statement of numbering): Part 4
    Value of unit title: Heated water services
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Plumbing and drainage. Part 4, Heated water services

    Value of common title: Tests on electrical cables under fire conditions
    Value of unit title (statement of numbering): Part 3.21
    Value of common title: Test for vertical flame spread of vertically-mounted bunched wires or cables
    Value of unit title: Apparatus
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Tests on electric cables under fire conditions. Part 3.21, Test for vertical flame spread of vertically-mounted bunched wires or cables. Apparatus

     

    Corporate body elements

     

    Corporate Body > access point for corporate body

    Additional elements and designations in access points for corporate body
    Values of Place: access point for place which include a value of larger place in parentheses

    Remove parentheses from value. Precede a value of larger place with comma space.

    Value of authorized access point for place for a larger place: Auckland (N.Z.)
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Auckland, N.Z.

     

    Place elements

     

    Place > access point for place

    Additional elements and designations in access points for place
    Values of Place: access point for place for a larger place or jurisdiction

    Remove parentheses from value. Precede a value of larger place with comma space.

    Value of authorized access point for place for a larger place: Auckland (N.Z.)
    Value after string encoding scheme applied:
    Auckland, N.Z.